Conditions & Geo
Wet, heavy or compact ground
Tunisia and Egypt
Symptoms
- Leaf: on the upper side, the spots are yellow and angular, then turn brown and can form large brown patches that eventually kill the leaves. On the underside, the spots are brown and covered with sporangia with a purplish-brown tint to the leaf blade. Attacks target old leaves and progress to young leaves.
- Fruit: the size and quantity of fruit produced are reduced.
Control
Chemical Control
- Demethomorph + Mancozeb
- Folpet
- Cyazofamid
Pest Management
- Avoid overhead watering
- Remove and destroy infected plants and weeds and ensure good ventilation between plants
- Fungicides and resistant cultivars are also available.
Bio Control
- Copper octanoate
- Copper oxychloride
- Copper sulphate (copper tribasic)
- Peracitic acid
- Bacillus subtilis
Pepper
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)
Conditions & Geo
High temperatures
All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
- Cupping, twisting, and mottling.
- Yellow leaf margin, upward leaf curling, and stunting.
Control
Chemical Control
- Imidacloprid, Cyazypyr, Flupyradifurone, Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon, Pyrethroid combination: zeta-cypermethrin and bifenthrin
Pest Management
- The presence of whiteflies should be checked daily.
- A trap can be made with a piece of board 12 inches x 12 inches painted bright yellow and spread petroleum jelly or Biotac on it.
- Plants that show signs of the virus after 3-4 weeks of transplanting should be bagged, uprooted and burned.
Bio Control
- Enterobacter asburiae BQ9, a plant-growth–promoting rhizobacterium
Conditions & Geo
When conditions are wet, the spores germinate and sooty mold grows on the medium available. Warm temperatures and dry weather increase the prevalence of sooty molds. Under dry conditions, less rain is available to remove or dilute honeydew concentrations suitable for sooty mold growth on leaves and other surfaces.
All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
- Wherever honeydew lands: leaves, twigs and fruits.
- Leaves are covered with a blackish powdery substance, like black soot.
Control
Chemical Control
- Remove or treat the honeydew producing insects and the sooty mould will disappear.
- Sucking insects that excrete honeydew, (aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers, and soft scales).
Pest Management
- Best method to remove the mold is to soak affected plants in a water and detergent mixture.
- Use 1 tablespoon of household liquid detergent per gallon of water and spray it on the plants.
- Wait 15 minutes, then wash the detergent solution off with a strong stream of water.
- You may have to repeat this treatment a number of times over a few weeks.
Conditions & Geo
High temperature
All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
- Leaves: roll up, thicken and turn brownish.Corky brown areas appear between the main veins on the underside of the leaf. Young foliage is deformed. Slowed growth and shoot dieback may be observed when the mite population density is high.
- Fruits: The nutritional damage caused by the mites causes a silvery tint of the fruits, the appearance of corky brown areas and less chance of fruiting of the plants.
Control
Chemical Control
- Hexythiazox 10%
- Spirodiclofen 240 g/L
Pest Management
- Burn all residues immediately after the end of the previous harvest
- Make the right choice of plants, they must be in good health and strong
- Thoroughly clean the plot so as not to provide refuges for pests
- Continuous monitoring: An intervention carried out at the beginning of an infestation will have every chance of effectively controlling the pests so as to keep them at a minimum level with low quantities of pesticides
- Avoid applying a pesticide on flowering plants or in very hot weather during the day
- Apply insecticides to all parts of the crop plants and ensure that any pests on the plants are hit in a sufficiently large dose
Bio Control
- Borax 10g/l
- Farnesol + Nerolidol +Geraniol 1,6g/l 4g/l +4g/l
- Sulfur 80%
Conditions & Geo
Warm and dry weather
All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
- In large numbers, aphids weaken plants by sucking up the sap they feed on, and cause leaf distortion, twisting and curling, yellowing and withering
- Aphids also produce honeydew, that is to say sweet droppings that promote the appearance of a black deposit due to a fungus, sooty mold, which prevents photosynthesis which results in a reduction in the growth of plants.
Control
Chemical Control
- Systemic insecticides, including imidacloprid.
- Insecticidal soaps and oils are the best choices for most situations.
- Oils: Horticultural Oils, Sesame Oil
- Neem products: Neem oil, Azadirachtin, Capsaicin, Canola oil
- Chlorantraniliprole + lambdacyhalothrine 100g/l+ 50g/l
- Chlorpyriphos- Eéthyl400g/l
- Deltamethrine 100g/l
- Taufluvalinate 240g/l
- Thiaclopride+Deltamethrine 150g/l+20g/l
- Thiamétoxam+Lambda-cyhalothrine 141g/l+106g/l
Pest Management
- Elimination of weeds by hoeing
- Practice a good crop rotation
- Overhead irrigation can reduce infestation by killing aphids with water.
- Detect attacks at the initial stage of the crop to limit early virus transmission or direct damage by a large population of aphids.
- Uproot the plants as soon as they stop producing
- Treatment with selective insecticides as soon as attacks are detected on young plants.
- Over fertilizing a plant can enhance aphid population growth, high levels of nitrogen fertilizer favor aphid reproduction, so never use more nitrogen than necessary, use smaller amounts of fertilizer throughout the growing season.
- Slow-release fertilizers such as organic fertilizers or urea-based time-release formulations.
- Reduce losses by growing seedlings under protective covers, silver-colored reflective mulches have been successfully used to reduce transmission of aphid-borne viruses, strong spray of water.
Bio Control
- Beauveria bassiana.
- Biological control by natural enemies (predators, parasitoids, and pathogens) can have a significant impact on aphid populations.
- Natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, lady beetle adults and larvae, lacewing larvae, soldier beetles, and syrphid fly larvae.