List of supported Diseases

Cucumber

  • Potassium
  • Deficiency
  • Potassium
Conditions & Geo
Aeration deficit, compaction, high soil pH (especially with plants adapted to acidic soil).

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Growth is stunted, internodes remain short and leaves small.
  • Leaves are bronzed and discolored yellowish green at the margins; the main veins are sunken.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • 1. Adjust the nutrient solution via reducing Ca and Mg concentrations and increasing K concentrations by:
  • A. Increase potassium nitrate (KNO3) concentration;
  • B. Add potassium sulfate (K2SO4); or
  • C. If sodium chloride (NaCl) is not present in the irrigation water or nutrient solution, apply potassium chloride (KCl).
  • 2. Spray foliar applications of 2% potassium sulfate (K2SO4).
 Pest Management
 Bio Control

Cucumber

  • Mildew
  • Fungal Diseases
  • Pseudoperonospora cubensis
  • Marth zonzar, Mildiou
Conditions & Geo
Wet, heavy or compact ground

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Leaf: on the upper side, the spots are yellow and angular, then turn brown and can form large brown patches that eventually kill the leaves. On the underside, the spots are brown and covered with sporangia with a purplish-brown tint to the leaf blade. Attacks target old leaves and progress to young leaves.
  • Fruit: the size and quantity of fruit produced are reduced.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Demethomorph + Mancozeb
  • Folpet
  • Cyazofamid
 Pest Management
  • Avoid overhead watering
  • Remove and destroy infected plants and weeds and ensure good ventilation between plants
  • Fungicides and resistant cultivars are also available
 Bio Control
  • Copper octanoate
  • Copper oxychloride
  • Copper sulphate (copper tribasic)
  • Peracitic acid
  • Bacillus subtilis

Cucumber

  • Bacteria wilt
  • Bacteria Diseases
  • Erwinia tracheiphila or Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens
Conditions & Geo
In hot, wet weather and wilting is very quick

Tunisia and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Leaves first appear dull green, wilt during the day and recover at night.
  • Leaves eventually yellow and brown at the margins, completely wither and die.
  • The speed of wilting varies by crop. Cucumbers wilt and die rapidly.
  • Wilt progresses down the vine until the entire vine wilts or dies.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Pesticides will not cure a cucurbit plant infected with bacterial disease.
  • Dust plants with insecticide in the spring before the cucumber beetles have a chance to lay eggs (April-June).
  • Apply pyrethrin or carbaryl (Sevin). Try an insecticide-bait combination such as Adios that has cucurbitacin, the beetle attractant, and a small amount of carbaryl (Sevin).
 Pest Management
  • 1. Protect plants with netting.
  • 2. Remove and destroy plant material when symptoms of wilting are first noticed.
  • 3. Grow susceptible crops on rotation every third year.
  • 4. Avoid planting cucurbits next to corn.
 Bio Control

Cucumber

  • Mites
  • Insects and Pests
  • Acari
  • Routilla
Conditions & Geo
High temperature

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • The leaves: roll up, thicken and turn brownish. Corky brown areas appear between the main veins on the underside of the leaf. Young foliage is deformed. Slowed growth and dieback of shoots can be observed when the population density of the mite is high.
  • Fruits: damage caused by mites induce a silvery tint to the fruits, the appearance of brown areas, and less chance of fruiting plants
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Hexythiazox 10%
  • Spirodiclofen 240 g/L
 Pest Management
  • Burn all residues immediately after the end of the previous harvest
  • Make the right choice of plants, they must be in good health and strong
  • Thoroughly clean the plot so as not to provide refuges for pests
  • Continuous monitoring: An intervention carried out at the beginning of an infestation will have every chance of effectively controlling the pests so as to keep them at a minimum level with low quantities of pesticides
  • Avoid applying a pesticide on flowering plants or in very hot weather during the day
  • Apply insecticides to all parts of the crop plants and ensure that any pests on the plants are hit in a sufficiently large dose
 Bio Control
  • Borax 10g/l
  • Farnesol 1.6g/l + Nerolidol 4g/l + Geraniol 4g/l
  • Sulfur 80%

Pepper

  • Mildew
  • Fungal diseases
  • Pseudoperonospora cubensis
  • Marth zonzar, Mildiou
Conditions & Geo
Wet, heavy or compact ground

Tunisia and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Leaf: on the upper side, the spots are yellow and angular, then turn brown and can form large brown patches that eventually kill the leaves. On the underside, the spots are brown and covered with sporangia with a purplish-brown tint to the leaf blade. Attacks target old leaves and progress to young leaves.
  • Fruit: the size and quantity of fruit produced are reduced.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Demethomorph + Mancozeb
  • Folpet
  • Cyazofamid
 Pest Management
  • Avoid overhead watering
  • Remove and destroy infected plants and weeds and ensure good ventilation between plants
  • Fungicides and resistant cultivars are also available.
 Bio Control
  • Copper octanoate
  • Copper oxychloride
  • Copper sulphate (copper tribasic)
  • Peracitic acid
  • Bacillus subtilis

Pepper

  • Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)
  • Virus
  • Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus 
Conditions & Geo
High temperatures

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Cupping, twisting, and mottling.
  • Yellow leaf margin, upward leaf curling, and stunting.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Imidacloprid, Cyazypyr, Flupyradifurone, Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon, Pyrethroid combination: zeta-cypermethrin and bifenthrin
 Pest Management
  • The presence of whiteflies should be checked daily.
  • A trap can be made with a piece of board 12 inches x 12 inches painted bright yellow and spread petroleum jelly or Biotac on it.
  • Plants that show signs of the virus after 3-4 weeks of transplanting should be bagged, uprooted and burned.
 Bio Control
  • Enterobacter asburiae BQ9, a plant-growth–promoting rhizobacterium

Pepper

  • Sooty mold
  • Fungal diseases
  • Capnodium citri
Conditions & Geo
When conditions are wet, the spores germinate and sooty mold grows on the medium available. Warm temperatures and dry weather increase the prevalence of sooty molds. Under dry conditions, less rain is available to remove or dilute honeydew concentrations suitable for sooty mold growth on leaves and other surfaces.

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Wherever honeydew lands: leaves, twigs and fruits.
  • Leaves are covered with a blackish powdery substance, like black soot.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Remove or treat the honeydew producing insects and the sooty mould will disappear.
  • Sucking insects that excrete honeydew, (aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers, and soft scales).
 Pest Management
  • Best method to remove the mold is to soak affected plants in a water and detergent mixture.
  • Use 1 tablespoon of household liquid detergent per gallon of water and spray it on the plants.
  • Wait 15 minutes, then wash the detergent solution off with a strong stream of water.
  • You may have to repeat this treatment a number of times over a few weeks.
 Bio Control

Pepper

  • Spider mite
  • Insects and Pests
  • Acari
  • Routilla
Conditions & Geo
High temperature

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Leaves: roll up, thicken and turn brownish.Corky brown areas appear between the main veins on the underside of the leaf. Young foliage is deformed. Slowed growth and shoot dieback may be observed when the mite population density is high.
  • Fruits: The nutritional damage caused by the mites causes a silvery tint of the fruits, the appearance of corky brown areas and less chance of fruiting of the plants.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Hexythiazox 10%
  • Spirodiclofen 240 g/L
 Pest Management
  • Burn all residues immediately after the end of the previous harvest
  • Make the right choice of plants, they must be in good health and strong
  • Thoroughly clean the plot so as not to provide refuges for pests
  • Continuous monitoring: An intervention carried out at the beginning of an infestation will have every chance of effectively controlling the pests so as to keep them at a minimum level with low quantities of pesticides
  • Avoid applying a pesticide on flowering plants or in very hot weather during the day
  • Apply insecticides to all parts of the crop plants and ensure that any pests on the plants are hit in a sufficiently large dose
 Bio Control
  • Borax 10g/l
  • Farnesol + Nerolidol +Geraniol 1,6g/l 4g/l +4g/l
  • Sulfur 80%

Pepper

  • Aphids
  • Insects and Pests
  • Aphidoidea
  • North Tunisia: zili, North West: Zviti, South: Menn
Conditions & Geo
Warm and dry weather

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • In large numbers, aphids weaken plants by sucking up the sap they feed on, and cause leaf distortion, twisting and curling, yellowing and withering
  • Aphids also produce honeydew, that is to say sweet droppings that promote the appearance of a black deposit due to a fungus, sooty mold, which prevents photosynthesis which results in a reduction in the growth of plants.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Systemic insecticides, including imidacloprid.
  • Insecticidal soaps and oils are the best choices for most situations.
  • Oils: Horticultural Oils, Sesame Oil
  • Neem products: Neem oil, Azadirachtin, Capsaicin, Canola oil
  • Chlorantraniliprole + lambdacyhalothrine 100g/l+ 50g/l
  • Chlorpyriphos- Eéthyl400g/l
  • Deltamethrine 100g/l
  • Taufluvalinate 240g/l
  • Thiaclopride+Deltamethrine 150g/l+20g/l
  • Thiamétoxam+Lambda-cyhalothrine 141g/l+106g/l
 Pest Management
  • Elimination of weeds by hoeing
  • Practice a good crop rotation
  • Overhead irrigation can reduce infestation by killing aphids with water.
  • Detect attacks at the initial stage of the crop to limit early virus transmission or direct damage by a large population of aphids.
  • Uproot the plants as soon as they stop producing
  • Treatment with selective insecticides as soon as attacks are detected on young plants.
  • Over fertilizing a plant can enhance aphid population growth, high levels of nitrogen fertilizer favor aphid reproduction, so never use more nitrogen than necessary, use smaller amounts of fertilizer throughout the growing season.
  • Slow-release fertilizers such as organic fertilizers or urea-based time-release formulations.
  • Reduce losses by growing seedlings under protective covers, silver-colored reflective mulches have been successfully used to reduce transmission of aphid-borne viruses, strong spray of water.
 Bio Control
  • Beauveria bassiana.
  • Biological control by natural enemies (predators, parasitoids, and pathogens) can have a significant impact on aphid populations.
  • Natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, lady beetle adults and larvae, lacewing larvae, soldier beetles, and syrphid fly larvae.

Tomato

  • Phosphorus
  • Deficiency
  • Phosphorus
Conditions & Geo
The pH level in the soil or substrate being too low. Temperature of the root zone and if it falls below 15 degrees Celsius.

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Older leaves showing some necrotic spots.
  • Plants are dwarfed or stunted, develop very slowly.
  • Leaf purpling is the most common symptom, particularly the leaf veins.
  • Distinct purpling of the stem, petiole and the under sides of the leaves.
  • Leaves on young plants turn purplish and the undersides of the leaves on older plants turn reddish-purple.
  • Under severe deficiency conditions there is a tendency for leaves to develop a blue-gray luster.
  • In deficient plants, yields are poor, and the plants are weak.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Balanced liquid feed fertilizers in greenhouses and pots.
 Pest Management
  • The problem will be alleviated in early field plantings with plastic mulch.
 Bio Control

Tomato

  • Powdery mildew
  • Fungal diseases
  • Oidiopsis taurica
  • jayara, Marth Elbakhara
Conditions & Geo
Wet, heavy or compact ground

North and center of Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • The affected parts turn brown later, become necrotic in the center, dry out and tear easily.
  • The attacked leaves lose their consistency and the leaf blade may fold upwards
  • Leaf: on the upper side, presence of pale green to yellow spots, of a circular to angular shape, which is covered with a white down of mycelium and conidia.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Penconazole 100g/l
  • azoxystrobin+difénoconazole
 Pest Management
  • Choice of plot: recommended rotation, avoid plots close to other solanaceae or those that are poorly drained or have too much organic matter.
  • Cultural management: implement all the measures to prevent excess moisture (ventilate the shelters as much as possible, favor the drip irrigation system, programming of the appropriate sprinkler irrigation, etc.).
  • Reason fertilization (avoid excess) and regularly remove plant debris present on the ground.
  • Crop maintenance: Eliminate weeds susceptible to the disease as well as as much plant debris as possible at the end of the crop. Bury crop residues deep into the soil.
  • Choose tolerant varieties.
  • Avoid sowing densities that are too tight.
  • Eliminate all diseased leaves to reduce potential contamination.
 Bio Control
  • Citric acid 16% + mint oil 0,8%+ Adjuvant 48%
  • Sulfur 80%

Tomato

  • Early blight
  • Fungal diseases
  • Alternaria solani
  • Alternariose
Conditions & Geo
High humidity and temperature between 18 and 25°C.

North and center of Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • On adult plants, black necrotic spots 4 to 7 mm in diameter appear, growing in concentric circles surrounded by a yellow halo.
  • On the stems, we can see elliptical brown, gray and concentric spots.
  • On the fruits, we see black spots, sunken, 1 to 2 cm which are positioned at the base of the calyx. Other fungi can colonize these spots and cause wet rots.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Azoxystrobin
  • captan
  • chlorothalonil
 Pest Management
  • Eliminate crop residues after harvest.
  • Use less susceptible varieties as well as healthy seeds.
  • Avoid tight plantings to promote aeration.
  • Avoid excess nitrogen.
 Bio Control
  • Bacillus mycoides strain J
  • Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain D747)

Tomato

  • Leaf mold
  • Fungal diseases
  • Passalora fulva
Conditions & Geo
The disease is driven by high relative humidity (greater than 85%).

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • The oldest leaves are infected first.
  • Pale greenish-yellow spots, usually less than 1/4 inch, with no definite margins, form on the upper sides of leaves.
  • Olive-green to brown velvety mold forms on the lower leaf surface below leaf spots.
  • Leaf spots grow together and turn brown. Leaves wither and die but often remain attached to the plant.
  • Infected blossoms turn black and fall off.
  • Fruit infections start as a smooth black irregular area on the stem end of the fruit. As the disease progresses, the infected area becomes sunken, dry and leathery.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • For organic growers, copper-based product gave some level of control. When using copper hydroxide for tomato leaf mold, make sure the product is labeled for organic use.
  • Formulations with higher percentages of copper will be more effective but have an increased re-entry interval (REI / the amount of time you must wait between applying and re-entering the area for safety reasons).
  • It is important to alternate between different chemical families to avoid the development of pathogen resistance to particular active ingredients.
 Pest Management
  • Use drip irrigation and avoid watering foliage.
  • Space plants to provide good air movement between rows and individual plants.
  • Stake, string or prune to increase airflow in and around the plant.
  • Sterilize stakes, ties, trellises, etc. with 10%% household bleach or commercial sanitizer.
  • Circulate air in greenhouses or tunnels with vents and fans and by rolling up high tunnel sides to reduce humidity around plants.
  • Keep night temperatures in greenhouses higher than outside temperatures to avoid dew formation on the foliage.
  • Remove crop residue at the end of the season. Burn it or bury it away from tomato production areas.
  • Clean the high tunnel or greenhouse walls and benches at the end of the season with a commercial sanitizer.
 Bio Control

Tomato

  • Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
  • Virus
  • Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Conditions & Geo
High temperatures

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Small leaves, and show strong crumpling and interveinal and marginal yellowing.
  • Leaves severe necrosis and blighting of leaves. In these circumstance, fruits will be exposed to sunlight causing sunscalding.
  • Curl upwards and towards the middle of the leaf.
  • In seedlings, the shoots become shortened. Flower drop.
  • Stunted and erect or upright plant growth.
  • Fruit: Reduced but not affected.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Imidacloprid, Cyazypyr, Flupyradifurone, Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon, Pyrethroid combination: zeta-cypermethrin and bifenthrin
 Pest Management
  • The presence of whiteflies should be checked daily.
  • A trap can be made with a piece of board 12 inches x 12 inches painted bright yellow and spread petroleum jelly or Biotac on it.
  • Plants that show signs of the virus after 3-4 weeks of transplanting should be bagged, uprooted and burned.
 Bio Control
  • Enterobacter asburiae BQ9, a plant-growth–promoting rhizobacterium

Tomato

  • The tomato leaf miner
  • Insects and Pests
  • Tuta absoluta
  • touta
Conditions & Geo
hygrométries importantes (80-90%)

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Completely eaten leaves
  • Reduced photosynthesis and production
  • Development of secondary pathogens leading to fruit rot.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Azadiradtin 32g/l
  • Azadirachtin (0.03%) + 90.5% Neem oil 0.3g/l
  • Chlorantraniliprole
  • Abamectin 45g/l+ 18g/l
  • Metaflumizone 240g/l
 Pest Management
  • Use healthy seedlings when planting
  • Weed around the plots to remove wild plants that can harbor eggs and caterpillars;
  • Deep plowing destroys deep-buried pupae
  • Crop rotation is desirable with other non-host plants of the pest.
  • A crawl period of the order of 4 to 6 weeks is recommended between two host cultures of T. absoluta.
  • Varietal resistance: some varieties are more attractive and therefore more susceptible to T. absoluta
  • Elimination by fire or deep burial of the attacked leaves and stems to destroy the caterpillars and prevent them from completing their cycle (never put the plants in the compost)
  • After harvest, harvest waste must be collected immediately and incinerated.
  • Plot hygiene by eliminating crop debris either by burning immediately or by burying more than 50 cm deep in the ground;
  • Monitoring Tuta absoluta populations by regularly observing the plants to detect possible leafminer attacks;
  • Treatments with a chemical insecticide are recommended as soon as one plant in five has a live larva.
  • Monitoring: Water traps fitted with sex pheromones help track population levels.
 Bio Control
  • (E,Z.Z)-3,8,11 Tetradecatrien 1-y acetat (E,Z)-3,8 Tetradecatrien1- y acetate ===30 traps/ha
  • Bacillus thuringiensis
  • Verticillium lacanii
  • Spinosade

Tomato

  • Salinity
Conditions & Geo
Tomato tolerates an EC of the saturated soil extract up to about 2.5 dS m−1 without any yield reduction.

Common in all of the Mediterranean coastal areas, and also sometimes inland.
Symptoms
  • Tomato is moderately sensitive to salinity. Salt stress has three fold effects which reduces water potential and causes ion imbalance and toxicity.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Increased irrigation may wash out the salinity from the soil.
 Pest Management
  • Saline soils cannot be reclaimed by chemical amendments, conditioners or fertilizers. A field can only be reclaimed by removing salts from the plant root zone.
 Bio Control
  • In some cases, selecting salt-tolerant crops may be needed in addition to managing soils.

Quinoa

  • Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
  • Virus
  • Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
Conditions & Geo
High temperatures

All Tunisia, UAE and Egypt
Symptoms
  • Small leaves, and show strong crumpling and interveinal and marginal yellowing.
  • Leaves severe necrosis and blighting of leaves. In these circumstance, fruits will be exposed to sunlight causing sunscalding.
  • Curl upwards and towards the middle of the leaf.
  • In seedlings, the shoots become shortened. Flower drop.
  • Stunted and erect or upright plant growth.
  • Fruit: Reduced but not affected.
Control
 Chemical Control
  • Imidacloprid, Cyazypyr, Flupyradifurone, Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon, Pyrethroid combination: zeta-cypermethrin and bifenthrin
 Pest Management
  • The presence of whiteflies should be checked daily.
  • A trap can be made with a piece of board 12 inches x 12 inches painted bright yellow and spread petroleum jelly or Biotac on it.
  • Plants that show signs of the virus after 3-4 weeks of transplanting should be bagged, uprooted and burned.
 Bio Control
  • Enterobacter asburiae BQ9, a plant-growth–promoting rhizobacterium
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